General layout of tire loader ZL series is a self-designed tire single bucket loader in China. On the basis of ZL50, zl100, ZL40, ZL30 and ZL20 loader series products have been designed and developed, and dzl50 and dzl40 underground loader variants for underground pit and tunnel construction have been developed on the basis of this series. The tire type single bucket loader is composed of engine, transmission system, traveling part, braking system, working device and hydraulic system. Among them, the engine, torque converter, gearbox and front and rear drive axles are the main components of the loader, which are referred to as the four major parts for short

1、發(fā)動機(jī)

1. Engine

輪胎式單斗裝載機(jī)發(fā)動機(jī)均采用柴油機(jī)。常用的柴油機(jī)有135系列柴油機(jī)，ZL50、ZL40型裝載機(jī)多用6135K型柴油機(jī)。小型輪式裝載機(jī)多采用95及105系列柴油機(jī)。

The engine of tire type single bucket loader adopts diesel engine. 135 series diesel engines are commonly used, and 6135k diesel engines are commonly used for ZL50 and ZL40 loaders. Most small wheel loaders use 95 and 105 series diesel engines.

發(fā)動機(jī)

engine

2、傳動系統(tǒng)

2. Transmission system

裝載機(jī)的傳動有機(jī)械傳動與液力機(jī)械傳動兩種方式。機(jī)械傳動結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，但傳動系統(tǒng)扭振和沖擊載荷較大，影響使用壽命。液力機(jī)械傳動，能吸收沖擊載荷，提高使用壽命，自動適應(yīng)外界阻力的變化，改善裝載機(jī)的使用性能。因此，大中型輪胎式裝載機(jī)多采用液力機(jī)械傳動。傳動系統(tǒng)采用雙渦輪變矩器、動力換檔行星變速箱，經(jīng)過前后傳動軸傳到前后驅(qū)動橋，再經(jīng)半軸和帶輪邊減速器驅(qū)動低壓輪胎。

There are two transmission modes of loader: mechanical transmission and hydro mechanical transmission. The mechanical transmission structure is simple, but the torsional vibration and impact load of the transmission system are large, which affects the service life. Hydro mechanical transmission can absorb impact load, improve service life, automatically adapt to the changes of external resistance and improve the service performance of loader. Therefore, large and medium-sized tire loaders mostly adopt hydraulic mechanical transmission. The transmission system adopts dual turbine torque converter and power shift planetary gearbox, which is transmitted to the front and rear drive axles through the front and rear drive shafts, and then drives the low-pressure tires through the half shaft and the belt side reducer.

變矩器上有三個泵，工作泵（供應(yīng)舉升，翻斗壓力油）轉(zhuǎn)向泵（供應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)向壓力油）變速泵也稱行走泵（供 應(yīng)變矩器，變速箱壓力油），有些機(jī)型轉(zhuǎn)向泵上還裝有先導(dǎo)泵（供應(yīng)操縱閥先導(dǎo)壓力油）。

There are three pumps on the torque converter, working pump (supply lifting and tipping pressure oil), steering pump (supply steering pressure oil) variable speed pump, also known as travel pump (supply torque converter and transmission pressure oil). Some models of steering pump are also equipped with pilot pump (supply control valve pilot pressure oil).

（1）雙渦輪變矩器 液力變矩器按布置在泵輪和導(dǎo)輪之間的渦輪數(shù)，分為單級和多級變矩器。單級變矩器結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、效率高、工作可靠，但變矩系數(shù)K比多級變矩器小;多級變矩器雖然變矩系數(shù)較大，但結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、效率低，故裝載機(jī)多采用單級變矩器。

(1) Twin turbine torque converter hydraulic torque converter is divided into single-stage and multi-stage torque converter according to the number of turbines arranged between the pump wheel and guide wheel. The single-stage torque converter has the advantages of simple structure, high efficiency and reliable operation, but the torque coefficient K is smaller than that of the multi-stage torque converter; Although the multi-stage torque converter has large torque coefficient, it has complex structure and low efficiency, so the loader mostly adopts single-stage torque converter.

液力變矩器根據(jù)工作輪相互配合配合作用的數(shù)目，可分為單相、兩相和三相變矩器，在推土機(jī)一節(jié)中所述的單級三元件變矩器為單相變矩器。下面介紹的是輪式裝載機(jī)常用的雙渦輪單級兩相變矩器。這種結(jié)構(gòu)形式的變矩器在小傳動比范圍內(nèi)具有較大的變矩器在小傳動比范圍內(nèi)具有較大的變矩系數(shù)和較高的效率。當(dāng)裝載機(jī)在輕載高速時，變矩器只用二級渦輪工作，而在重載低速時，一、二級渦輪同時工作。

The hydraulic torque converter can be divided into single-phase, two-phase and three-phase torque converters according to the number of working wheels. The single-stage three element torque converter described in the bulldozer section is a single-phase torque converter. The following describes the twin turbine single-stage two-phase torque converter commonly used in wheel loaders. The torque converter with this structure has larger torque coefficient and higher efficiency in the range of small transmission ratio. When the loader is at light load and high speed, the torque converter only works with two-stage turbine, while at heavy load and low speed, the first and second stage turbines work at the same time.

這樣，變矩器本身在速度轉(zhuǎn)換時，相當(dāng)于有兩檔速度，并隨外負(fù)荷自動變化，因此，可以減少變速箱的檔數(shù)，簡化變速箱結(jié)構(gòu)。與其配套的動力換檔行星變速箱又有兩個前進(jìn)檔，一個倒檔。

In this way, the torque converter itself has two speeds during speed conversion, and changes automatically with the external load. Therefore, the number of gears of the transmission can be reduced and the structure of the transmission can be simplified. The matched power shift planetary transmission has two forward gears and one reverse gear.

（2）動力換檔行星變速箱

(2) Power shift planetary transmission

變速箱有一體的（行星式）和分體的（定軸式）兩種。

There are two types of transmission: integrated (planetary type) and split (fixed shaft type).

行走油路：變速箱油底殼油，行走泵，一路進(jìn)變矩器一路進(jìn)檔位閥，變速箱離合器。

Traveling oil circuit: transmission oil pan oil, traveling pump, one way to the torque converter, one way to the gear valve, and transmission clutch.

變速箱

transmission case

（3）驅(qū)動橋 輪胎式裝載機(jī)，為了充分利用其附著重量，以提供較大的牽引力，都采用全橋驅(qū)動。前后驅(qū)動橋之間一般都不裝橋間差速器，多在變速箱后裝設(shè)脫橋機(jī)構(gòu)，作業(yè)時采用全橋驅(qū)動，高速行駛時利用操縱桿將一個驅(qū)動橋脫開，采用單橋驅(qū)動。

(3) In order to make full use of its attached weight and provide greater traction, all drive axle tire loaders adopt full axle drive. The inter axle differential is generally not installed between the front and rear drive axles, and the off axle mechanism is mostly installed behind the gearbox. During operation, the full axle drive is adopted. When driving at high speed, one drive axle is disengaged by using the control lever, and the single axle drive is adopted.

驅(qū)動：傳動軸，主差速器，輪邊減速器

Drive: transmission shaft, main differential, wheel reducer

由于裝載機(jī)作業(yè)速度低，所以驅(qū)動橋的減速比都比汽車、拖拉機(jī)大的多。為此，在輪胎式裝載機(jī)上都采用單級或雙級行星輪邊減速機(jī)構(gòu)，用較小的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸得到較大的減速比。行星輪邊減速機(jī)構(gòu)裝置在驅(qū)動橋輪轂內(nèi)，便于拆裝保養(yǎng)。為了保證在鏟裝作業(yè)時的穩(wěn)定性，裝載機(jī)因車速低一般不裝設(shè)彈性懸架，多采用將驅(qū)動橋和車架由縱向銷軸鉸接，使它能繞縱向銷軸相對車架上下擺動一定角度，擺角由限位塊限制。擺動橋一般布置在輪胎式裝載機(jī)的后驅(qū)動橋上。

Due to the low operating speed of loader, the deceleration ratio of drive axle is much larger than that of automobile and tractor. Therefore, single-stage or double-stage planetary gear side reduction mechanism is adopted on tire loaders, and a larger reduction ratio is obtained with a smaller structural size. The planetary gear side reduction mechanism is installed in the drive axle hub, which is convenient for disassembly and maintenance. In order to ensure the stability during shovel loading operation, the loader is generally not equipped with elastic suspension due to low speed. The drive axle and the frame are hinged by the longitudinal pin shaft, so that it can swing up and down a certain angle around the longitudinal pin shaft relative to the frame, and the swing angle is limited by the limit block. The oscillating axle is generally arranged on the rear drive axle of the tire loader.

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